What is citrullination process?

Citrullination or deimination is the conversion of the amino acid arginine in a protein into the amino acid citrulline. Citrulline is not one of the 20 standard amino acids encoded by DNA in the genetic code. Instead, it is the result of a post-translational modification.

What is the function of citrullination?

Citrullination has an important role in the normal function of the immune system, skin keratinization, the insulation of neurons and the plasticity of the central nervous system including its essential role in gene regulation.

Is citrullination a normal process?

It can target a wide range of proteins in the cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, and mitochondria. Citrullination is a normal reaction during cell death.

Where does citrullination happen?

For this reason, it has been proposed that PAD activation, and thus citrullination, occurs only during PMN cell death when PAD enzymes leak out of the cells into the extracellular matrix, or extracellular Ca2+ enters the cells, with the high Ca2+ concentration activating PAD.

Is citrullination reversible?

In contrast to many other posttranslational modification (PTM), citrullination appears to be an irreversible process.

How does smoking cause citrullination?

Also, a highly significant direct relation was found between these antibodies and SI. This means that tobacco smoking proportionally increases these antibodies in RA patients who smoke. In other words, it increases tissue protein citrullination which could enhance auto-immunity.

What is protein citrullination?

Protein citrullination is a calcium-driven post-translational modification proposed to play a causative role in the neurodegenerative disorders of Alzheimer’s disease, multiple sclerosis (MS), and prion disease.

What causes citrullination of proteins?

, peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD)-containing inflammatory cells infiltrate the site of inflammation. At the onset of death of these cells, the intracellular calcium concentration is raised, thereby causing activation of PAD enzymes and consequently citrullination of proteins.

What causes citrullination?

Histone citrullination occurs by enzymatic conversion of arginine residue to citrulline. This leads to chromatin relaxation and enables activation of transcription.

Why is arginine converted to citrulline?

Cutting Edge: The Conversion of Arginine to Citrulline Allows for a High-Affinity Peptide Interaction with the Rheumatoid Arthritis-Associated HLA-DRB1*0401 MHC Class II Molecule.

What is the difference between citrulline and arginine?

“Citrulline expands blood vessels to a greater extent than arginine,” says Spano. Why? The body use arginine for a variety of functions, so it doesn’t use all of the arginine it absorbs to produce NO. Plus, unlike citrulline, higher doses of arginine have been linked to gastrointestinal problems, says Castillo.

Does L-citrulline increase DHT?

They help in hair growth & citrulline helps to eliminate the excess DHT from the body.